Fair Work Commission

Introduction

This page sets out the steps that the Fair Work Commission takes when deciding how much compensation to order if a person has been unfairly dismissed.

Outcomes for unfair dismissal

There are 3 possible outcomes that the Commission can order if a person has been unfairly dismissed. These are:

• to order that a person gets their job back (reinstatement)
• to order the payment of money (compensation), or
• to make no order.

About reinstatement

The Commission must decide if reinstatement is possible or suitable before considering an order to pay compensation.

Reinstatement might not be ordered if:

• the business no longer operates
• the employee cannot work because of illness or injury
• the employer and employee cannot work together again due to a break down in their relationship, or
• the employer would just dismiss the employee again.

About compensation

Compensation will only be ordered if considered appropriate by the Commission. This means that even if a person has been unfairly dismissed, they may not get compensation.

Compensation cannot be awarded for shock, distress, hurt or humiliation.

What the Commission looks at

The Fair Work Act 2009 sets out a series of issues that the Commission must take into consideration when deciding if compensation should be ordered.

These issues are set out in section 392(2) of the Fair Work Act. You can read section 392 of the Fair Work Act below.

Step 1 – Calculate remuneration

The first step is for the Commission to work out how long it thinks the employee would have remained employed, if they had not been dismissed.

The Commission does this to calculate how much money the employee would have earned if they had not been dismissed.

This amount will be the starting point for the Commission to decide how much compensation to order (if any).

To help with this calculation the Commission must also look at the length of time the employee worked for the employer, and other issues such as their work history and any performance or behaviour issues.

What if the employee was on leave?

If the employee was on leave without pay or was not receiving full pay at the time of their dismissal, their earnings will be calculated as the amount that they would have normally received if the employee had not been on leave.

Step 2 – Deductions

Wages or income earned

The Commission must next consider any money which the employee earned since the dismissal occurred. This amount will generally be subtracted from the amount calculated in Step 1.

Income support payments (such as Newstart Allowance) are not generally considered to be ‘wages or income’ and are not included.

Workers’ compensation payments are generally considered to be ‘wages or income’ and will be deducted.

Note: The Commission can also take into account any income earned between making an order for compensation and the time that the money is paid.

Viability of employer

The Commission will also look at what effect an order for compensation may have on the viability of the employer.

Viability means the ability for the business to continue to operate.

The employer must present evidence about the financial situation of the business and the likely effect that an order for compensation will have on the viability of the business.

Contingencies

The Commission will also look at "any other matters that it considers relevant". This is sometimes referred to as contingencies. This is a calculation of possible future economic loss or gain.

This may include:

• possible things which may have affected the employee’s earning capacity, such as a lower paying job or increased transport costs
• sickness, accident, unemployment and industrial disputes, and
• possible benefits, such as starting a higher paying job.

Misconduct

If the Commission finds that an employee’s misconduct contributed to their dismissal, the Commission must reduce the amount of compensation.

Misconduct after the dismissal may also be taken into account.

Misconduct may involve:

• a breach of workplace health and safety
• negligent culpability
• threats of violence, or
• swearing at management.

Step 3 – Efforts to reduce loss

When the Commission is considering ordering compensation it is necessary for it to consider what steps a person has taken to reduce their loss.

This means that the employee has taken deliberate, positive steps to lessen the effect that the dismissal has had on them, such as trying to find a new job.

What is reasonable depends on the circumstances of the case.

A person is not required to take unreasonable steps to reduce their loss such as:

• spending money, or
• selling their possessions (such as sporting goods, cars, boats, etc).

Offers of re-employment

A person who has made an application for unfair dismissal cannot claim that their dismissal has caused them a loss if they have refused to start a new job with the same employer.

The refusal to take another job with the employer at the same rate of pay may amount to a failure to reduce loss.

The following circumstances may not amount to a failure to reduce loss when re‑employment is offered:

• the refusal of another job with the employer at the same rate of pay but with lesser status, or
• the refusal of a position with the employer where the employee has lost trust and confidence in the employer or the workplace.

Step 4 – Compensation cap

An order for compensation will be reduced if the amount calculated is more than the limit set by the compensation cap.

Calculating the compensation cap

The compensation cap is the lower amount between:

• half of the employee’s annual wage, and
• $79,250 (as at 1 July 2021).

Note: The compensation cap is updated each year from 1 July. The compensation cap for dismissals taking effect between 1 July 2020 and 30 June 2021 was $76,800.

Calculating the total amount of compensation

The total amount of compensation that the Commission can order is the lower amount between:

• the amount calculated in Step 1, removing any deductions from Steps 2 & 3, and
• the compensation cap calculated above.

Example 1 – Michael

Michael earned $50,000 per year before he was dismissed. Michael’s compensation cap is therefore $25,000, because this is the lower amount between half his annual salary, and the current compensation limit.

The Commission calculates Michael’s compensation as $17,000. Because this is less than his compensation cap of $25,000, the Commission orders that Michael is paid $17,000.

Example 2 – Vivienne

Vivienne also earned $50,000 per year before she was dismissed. Vivienne’s compensation cap is also $25,000, because this is the lower amount between half of her annual salary, and the current compensation limit.

The Commission calculates Vivienne’s compensation as $33,000. Because this is more than Vivienne’s compensation cap of $25,000, the Commission orders that Vivienne is paid $25,000.

Example 3 – Kushalya

Kushalya earned $160,000 per year before she was dismissed. Even though Kushalya earned above the high income threshold she was protected from unfair dismissal because she was covered by an enterprise agreement.

Half of Kushalya’s annual wage is $80,000 – above the current compensation limit of $79,250. This means that any amount of compensation ordered by the Commission cannot be more than $79,250.

The Commission calculates Kushalya’s compensation as $93,000. Because this is more than the compensation limit, the Commission orders that Kushalya is paid $79,250.

Compensation checklist

The legislation – section 392 of the Fair Work Act

392 Remedy – compensation

Compensation

1. An order for the payment of compensation to a person must be an order that the person’s employer at the time of the dismissal pay compensation to the person in lieu of reinstatement.

Criteria for deciding amounts

2. In determining an amount for the purposes of an order under subsection (1), the FWC must take into account all the circumstances of the case including:
   
   1. the effect of the order on the viability of the employer’s enterprise; and
   2. the length of the person’s service with the employer; and
   3. the remuneration that the person would have received, or would have been likely to receive, if the person had not been dismissed; and
   4. the efforts of the person (if any) to mitigate the loss suffered by the person because of the dismissal; and
   5. the amount of any remuneration earned by the person from employment or other work during the period between the dismissal and the making of the order for compensation; and
   6. the amount of any income reasonably likely to be so earned by the person during the period between the making of the order for compensation and the actual compensation; and
   7. any other matter that the FWC considers relevant.

Misconduct reduces amount

3. If the FWC is satisfied that misconduct of a person contributed to the employer’s decision to dismiss the person, the FWC must reduce the amount it would otherwise order under subsection (1) by an appropriate amount on account of the misconduct.

Shock, distress etc. disregarded

4. The amount ordered by the FWC to be paid to a person under subsection (1) must not include a component by way of compensation for shock, distress or humiliation, or other analogous hurt, caused to the person by the manner of the person’s dismissal.

Compensation cap

5. The amount ordered by the FWC to be paid to a person under subsection (1) must not exceed the lesser of:
   
   1. the amount worked out under subsection (6); and
   2. half the amount of the high income threshold immediately before the dismissal.
6. The amount is the total of the following amounts:
   
   1. the total amount of remuneration:
      
      1. received by the person; or
      2. to which the person was entitled;
         (whichever is higher) for any period of employment with the employer during the 26 weeks immediately before the dismissal; and
   2. if the employee was on leave without pay or without full pay while so employed during any part of that period – the amount of remuneration taken to have been received by the employee for the period of leave in accordance with the regulations.

Legal advice

The Commission cannot provide legal advice.

As part of the unfair dismissal application process, parties may choose to obtain their own independent legal advice.

There are community legal centres in each state and territory. 

Services that may be able to offer legal help can be found on the Where to get legal help page.

Find out more

For eligibility information, refer to the Unfair dismissal – Am I eligible to apply? page on the Commission’s website.

You can also refer to the full set of unfair dismissal guides available on the Unfair dismissal page of our website.

1. Overview of the unfair dismissal laws (PDF)
2. Flowchart on the process (PDF)
3. Making an application (PDF)
4. Responding to an application (PDF)
5. Objecting to an application (PDF)
6. Preparing for conciliation (PDF)
7. Preparing for a conference or hearing (PDF)
8. Frequently asked questions (PDF)
9. Glossary of common terms (PDF)

The Unfair dismissals benchbook can also assist parties lodging or responding to unfair dismissal applications.

If you require further information or help, please visit the Contact us page of our website.